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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD describes a spectrum of diseases, ranging from chronic bronchitis to emphysema. COPD was the first respiratory disease to be thoroughly studied with health-related quality of life instruments, and the effect of COPD on the lives of individuals has been well characterized. Many studies have employed generic quality of life and health-related quality of life instruments to determine the effectiveness of treatments and rehabilitation programs on the lives of patients with this disease. Several well-validated condition-specific health-related quality of life instruments have also been developed for individuals with COPD.

QOL assessment of the COPD patient may be generic or disease-specific, and may involve evaluation of any one or more of the following domains: physical, psychological, social, or symptoms. Questionnaires evaluating the physical domain are often also referred to as "functional status" questionnaires, while dyspnea questionnaires address the most common symptoms of interest in COPD patients.

Generic Health-Related Quality of Life Instruments Used in COPD

Dartmouth COOP Charts

  • Appleton S, Adams R, Porter S, Peacock M, Ruffin R. Sustained improvements in dyspnea and pulmonary function 3 to 5 years after lung volume reduction surgery. Chest. 2003;123(6):1838-46.
  • Eaton T, Lewis C, Young P, Kennedy Y, Garrett JE, Kolbe J. Long-term oxygen therapy improves health-related quality of life. Respir Med. 2004; 98(4):285-93.

EuroQol (EQ-5D)

  • Celli B, Halpin D, Hepburn R, Byrne N, Keating ET, Goldman M. Symptoms are an important outcome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease clinical trials: results of a 3-month comparative study using the Breathlessness, Cough and Sputum Scale (BCSS). Respir Med. 2003;97 Suppl A:S35-43.
  • Laursen LC, Lindqvist A, Hepburn T, et al. The role of the novel D2/beta2-agonist, Viozan (sibenadet HCl), in the treatment of symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a large-scale clinical investigation. Respir Med. 2003;97 Suppl A:S23-33.
  • Paterson C, Langan CE, McKaig GA, Anderson PM, Maclaine GDH, Rose LB, Walker SJ, Campbell MJ. Assessing patient outcomes in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the measure your medical outcome profile (MYMOP), medical outcomes study 6-item general health surbye (MOS-6A) and EuroQOL (EQ-5D). Qual Life Res. 2000;9:521-527.
  • Stahl E, Jansson SA, Jonsson AC, Svensson K, Lundback B, Andersson F. Health-related quality of life, utility, and productivity outcomes instruments: ease of completion by subjects with COPD. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1(1):18.
  • van der Valk P, Monninkhof E et al Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPE study. Am J Respir Crit. Care Med. 2002 166: 1358-1363.

Functional Performance Inventory

  • Yeh ML, Chen HH, Liao YC, Liao WY. Testing the functional status model in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Adv Nurs. 2004;48(4):342-350.

Measure Your Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP)

  • Paterson C, Langan CE, McKaig GA, Anderson PM, Maclaine GDH, Rose LB, Walker SJ, Campbell MJ. Assessing patient outcomes in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: the measure your medical outcome profile (MYMOP), medical outcomes study 6-item general health surbye (MOS-6A) and EuroQOL (EQ-5D). Qual Life Res. 2000;9:521-527.

Nottingham Health Profile

  • Ciccone AM, Meyers BF, Guthrie TJ, et al. Long-term outcome of bilateral lung volume reduction in 250 consecutive patients with emphysema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125(3):513-25.
  • Crockett AJ, Cranston JM, Moss JR, Alpers JH. Effects of long-term oxygen therapy on quality of life and survival in chronic airflow limitation. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1999;54(2):193-6.
  • Doll H, Duprat-Lomon I, Ammerman E, Sagnier PP. Validity of the St George's respiratory questionnaire at acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: comparison with the Nottingham health profile. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(2):117-32.
  • Fuchs-Climent D, le Gallais D, Varray A, Desplan J, Cadopi M, Prefaut C. Quality of life and exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects of a short and intensive inpatient rehabilitation program. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;78:330-5.
  • Monso E, Fiz JM, Izquierdo J, Alonso J, Coll R, Rosell A, Morera J. Quality of life in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: correlation with lung and muscle function. Respir Med. 1998;29:221-7.
  • Prieto L, Alonso J, Ferrer M, Anoto JM. Are results of the SF-36 health survey and the Nottingham Health Profile similar? A comparison in COPD patients. Quality of Life in COPD Study Group. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50 (4): 463-73.
  • Verpeut AC, Verleden GM, Van Raemdonek D, et al. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) for emphysema: initial experience at the University Hospital Gasthuisberg. 2000:154-162.
  • Wijnhoven HA, Kriegsman DM, Hesselink AE, de Haan M, Schellevis FG. The influence of co-morbidity on health-related quality of life in asthma and COPD patients. Respir Med. 2003;97(5):468-75.
  • Yohannes AM, Roomi J, Waters K, Connolly MJ. Quality of life in elderly patients with COPD: measurement and predictive factors. Respir Med. 1998;92(10):1231-6.

Quality of Well Being

  • Chang JA, Curtis JR, Patrick DL, Raghu G. Assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with interstitial lung disease. Chest. 1999;116(5):1175-82.
  • Guyatt GH, King DR, Feeny DH, Stubbing D, Goldstein RS. Generic and specific measurement of health-related quality of life in a clinical trial of respiratory rehabilitation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52(3):187-92.
  • Ries A, Kaplan R, et al. Maintenance after pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;167:880-888.

SF-12 Health Survey

  • Miravitlles M, Ferrer M, Pont A, Zalacain R, Alvarez-Sala JL, Masa F, Verea H, Murio C, Ros F, Vidal R. IMPAC Study Group. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study. Thorax. 2004; 59(5):387-95.

Medical Outcomes Study SF-36

  • Alonso J, Prieto L, Ferrer M, Vilagut G, Broquetas JM, Roca J, Batlle JS, Anto JM for the Quality of Life in COPD Study Group. Testing the measurement properties of the Spanish version of the SF-36 Health Survey among male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11):1087-94.
  • Benzo R, Flume PA, Turner D, Tempest M. Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on quality of life in patients with COPD: the use of SF-36 summary scores as outcomes measures. J Cardiopulmonary Rehabil. 2000;20:231-234.
  • Boueri FM, Bucher-Bartelson BL, Glenn KA, Make BJ. Quality of life measured with a generic instrument (Short Form-36) improves following pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest. 2001;119(1):77-84.
  • Camp PG, Appleton J, Reid WD. Quality of life after pulmonary rehabilitation: assessing change using quantitative and qualitative methods. Physical Therapy. 2000;80(10):986-995.
  • Chang JA, Curtis JR, Patrick DL, Raghu G. Assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with interstitial lung disease. Chest. 1999;116(5):1175-82.
  • Ciccone AM, Meyers BF, Guthrie TJ, et al. Long-term outcome of bilateral lung volume reduction in 250 consecutive patients with emphysema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125(3):513-25.
  • Davidson TA, Caldwell ES, Curtis JR, Hudson LD, Steinberg KP. Reduced quality of life in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome compared to critically ill controls. JAMA. 1999; 281:354-60.
  • Desikan R Mason H et al. Health related quality of life and healthcare resource utilization by COPD patients: A comparison of 3 instruments. Qual Life Res. 2002 11:739-751.
  • de Torres JP, Pinto-Plata V, Ingenito E, et al. Power of outcome measurements to detect clinically significant changes in pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with COPD. Chest. Apr 2002;121(4):1092-1098.
  • Dheda K, Crawford A, Hagan G, Roberts CM. Implementation of British Thoracic Society guidelines for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact on quality of life. Postgrad Med J. 2004; 80(941):169-71.
  • Eaton T, Garrett J, et al. Ambulatory oxygen improves quality of life in COPD patients: a randomized controlled study. Eur Respir J. 2002;20:306-312.
  • Emtner M, Porszasz J, Burns M, Somfay A, Casaburi R. Benefits of supplemental oxygen in exercise training in nonhypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(9):1034-42.
  • Felker B, Katon W, et al. The association between depressive symptoms and health status in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2001;23(2): 56-61.
  • Gore JM, Brophy CJ, Greenstone MA. How well do we care for patients with end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A comparison of palliative care and quality of life in COPD and lung cancer. Thorax. 2000;55:1000-1006.
  • Hiller FC, Alderfer V, Goldman M. Long-term use of Viozan (sibenadet HCl) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a 1-year study. Respir Med. 2003;97 Suppl A:S45-52.
  • Hughes SL, Weaver FM, Giobbie-Hurder A, et al. Effectiveness of team managed home-based primary care: a randomized multicenter trial. JAMA. 2000;284(22):2877-2885.
  • Hurst JR, Wilkinson TM, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. Upper airway symptoms and quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Med. 2004;98(8):767-770.
  • Husereau D, Shukla V, Boucher M, Mensinkai S, Dales R. Long acting beta2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with poor reversibility: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMC Pulm Med. 2004 ;4(1):7.
  • Katsura H, Yamada K, Kida K. Usefulness of a linear analog scale questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(8):1131-5.
  • Kunik ME, Braun U, et al. One session cognitive behavioural therapy for elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Psychol Med. 2001;31(4): 717-23.
  • Lacasse Y, Rousseau L, et al. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and depression in patients with severe oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2001;21(2): 80-6.
  • Laghi F, Antonescu-Turcu A, Collins E, et al. Hypogonadism in Men with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Prevalence and Quality of Life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Jan 18 2005.
  • McKenna RJ, Brenner M, Gelb AR, Mullin M, Singh N, Peters H, Panzera J, Calmese J, Schein MJ. A randomized, prospective trial of stapled lung reduction versus laser bullectomy for diffuse emphysema. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111:317-22.
  • Mahler DA, Faryniarz K, Tomlinson D, et al. Impact of dyspnea and physiologic function on general health status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1992;102:395-401.
  • Mahler DA, Mackowiak JI. Evaluation of the short-form 36-item questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. Chest. 1995;107(6): 1585-1589.
  • Malthaner RA, Miller JD, Group CLVRSS. Lung volume reduction surgery: results of a Canadian pilots study. CJS. 2000;43(5).
  • Moy ML, Ingenito EP, Mentzer SJ, Evans RB, Reilly JJ Jr. Health-related quality of life improves following pulmonary rehabilitation and lung volume reduction surgery. Chest. 1999;115(2):383-9.
  • Prieto L, Alonso J, Ferrer M, Anoto JM. Are results of the SF-36 health survey and the Nottingham Health Profile similar? A comparison in COPD patients. Quality of Life in COPD Study Group. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50 (4): 463-73.
  • Puhan MA, Behnke M, Devereaux PJ, et al. Measurement of agreement on health-related quality of life changes in response to respiratory rehabilitation by patients and physicians--a prospective study. Respir Med. 2004;98(12):1195-1202.
  • Ries A, Kaplan R, et al. Maintenance after pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;167:880-888.
  • Sant'Anna C, Stelmach R et al Evaluation of health related quality of life in low income patients with COPD receiving long term oxygen therapy. Chest. 2002; 123:136-141.
  • Stahl E, Jansson SA, Jonsson AC, Svensson K, Lundback B, Andersson F. Health-related quality of life, utility, and productivity outcomes instruments: ease of completion by subjects with COPD. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1(1):18.
  • Stavem K, Boe J, Erikssen J. Health status, dyspnea, lung function and exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:920-6.
  • Stavem K, Bjortuft O, Lund MB, Kongshaug K. Health-related quality of life in lung transplant candidates and recipients. Respiration. 2000;67:159-165.
  • Stavem K, Erikssen J, Boe J. Performance of a short lung-specific health status measure in outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 1999;93:467-75.
  • van Manen JG, Bindels PJ, Dekker FW, et al. The influence of COPD on health-related quality of life independent of the influence of comorbidity. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56(12):1177-84.
  • Vincken W, van Noord J, et al. Improved health outcomes in patient with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium. Eur Respir J. 2002 19:209-216.
  • Wadell K, Sundelin G, Henriksson-Larsen K, Lundgren R. High intensity physical group training in water--an effective training modality for patients with COPD. Respir Med. 2004; 98(5):428-38.
  • Wyrwich KW, Fihn SD, Tierney WM, Kroenke K, Babu AN, Wolinsky FD. Clinically important changes in health-related quality of life for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an expert consensus panel report. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(3):196-202.
  • Wyrwich KW, Tierney WM, Wolinsky FD. Further evidence supporting an SEM-based criterion for identifying meaningful intra-individual changes in health-related quality of life. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52(9):861-73.
  • Yeh ML, Chen HH, Liao YC, Liao WY. Testing the functional status model in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Adv Nurs. 2004;48(4):342-350.
  • Yusen RD, Lefrak SS, Gierada DS, et al. A prospective evaluation of lung volume reduction surgery in 200 consecutive patients. Chest. 2003;123(4):1026-37.

Sickness Impact Profile

  • Carone M, Bertolotti G, Anchisi F, Zotti AM, Donner CF, Jones PW on behalf of the Quality of Life in Chronic Respiratory Failure Group. Analysis of factors that characterize health impairment in patients with chronic respiratory failure. Eur Respir J. 1999;13:1293-1300.
  • Cordova F, O'Brien G, Furukawa S, Kuzma AM, Travaline J, Criner GJ. Stability of improvements in exercise performance and quality of life following bilateral lung volume reduction surgery in severe COPD. Chest. 1997;112:907-15.
  • Emery CF, Schein RL, Hauck ER, MacIntyre NR. Psychological and cognitive outcomes of a randomized trial of exercise among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Health Psychol. 1998;17(3):232-40.
  • Engstrom CP, Persson LO, Larsson S, Ryden A, Sullivan M. Functional status and well being in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with regard to clinical parameters and smoking: a descriptive and comparative study. Thorax. 1996;51:825-30.
  • Engstrom CP, Persson LO, Larsson S, Sullivan M. Health-related quality of life in COPD: why both disease-specific and generic measures should be used. Eur Respir J. 2001;18(1):69-76.
  • Guyatt GH, King DR, Feeny DH, Stubbing D, Goldstein RS. Gen eric and specific measurement of health-related quality of life in a clinical trial of respiratory rehabilitation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52(3):187-92.
  • Leyenson V, Furukawa S, Kuzama AM, Cordova F, Travaline J, Criner GJ. Correlation of changers in quality of life after lung volume reduction surgery with changes in lung function, exercise, and gas exchange. Chest. 2000;118(3):728-735.
  • Low G, Gutman G. Couples' ratings of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients' quality of life. Clin Nurs Res. 2003;12(1):28-48.
  • McSweeny AJ, Grant I, Heaton RK, Adams KM, Timms RM. Life quality of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142:473-478.
  • O'Brien GM, Furukawa S, Kuzma AM, Cordova F, Criner GJ. Improvements in lung function, exercise, and quality of life in hypercapnic COPD patients after lung volume reduction surgery. Chest. 1999;115(1):75-84.
  • Okubadejo AA, Jones PW, Wedzicha JA. Quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severe hypoxaemia. Thorax. 1996;51:44-7.
  • Prigatano GP, Wright EC, Levin D. Quality of life and its predictors in patients with mild hypoxemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:1613-1619.
  • White RJ, Rudkin ST, Ashley J, Stevens VAJ, Burrows S, Pounsford JC, Cratchley G, Ambler NR. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Royal Col Phys London. 1997;31(5):541-5.

World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment instrument (WHOQOL-100)

  • Andenaes R, Kalfoss MH, Wahl A. Psychological distress and quality of life in hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Adv Nurs. 2004; 46(5):523-30.

Airways Questionnaire

  • Alemayehu B, Aubert RE, Feifer RA, Paul LD. Comparative analysis of two quality-of-life instruments for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Value in Health. 2002;5(5):437-442.

Breathing Problem-Based Quality of Life Questionnaire (BP-QOL)

  • Gaber KA, Barnett M, Planchant Y, McGavin CR. Attitudes of 100 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to artificial ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Palliat Med. 2004;18(7):626-629.
  • Singh SJ, Smith DL, Hyland ME, Morgan MD. A short outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme: immediate and longer-term effects on exercise performance and quality of life. Respir Med. 1998;92(9):1146-54.
  • Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC, Connolly MJ. Prevalence of sub-threshold depression in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(5):412-6.
  • Yohannes AM, Connolly MJ, et al. A feasibility study of antidepressant drug therapy in depressed elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(5): 451-4.
  • Yohannes AM, Roomi J, Waters K, Connolly MJ. Quality of life in elderly patients with COPD: measurement and predictive factors. Respir Med. 1998;92(10):1231-6.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Activity Rating Scale (CARS)

  • Morimoto M, Takai K, Nakajima K, Kagawa K. Development of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease activity rating scale: reliability, validity and factorial structure. Nurs Health Sci. 2003;5(1):23-30.

Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire-CRQ

  • Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Hebert P, et al. Outpatient oral prednisone after emergency treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(26):2618-25.
  • Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Clinch JJ, et al. Measurement of short-term changes in dyspnea and disease-specific quality of life following an acute COPD exacerbation. Chest. 2002;121(3):688-696.
  • Albers M, Schermer T, van den Boom G, et al. Efficacy of inhaled steroids in undiagnosed subjects at high risk for COPD: results of the detection, intervention, and monitoring of COPD and asthma program. Chest. 2004;126(6):1815-1824.
  • Cochrane WJ, Afolabi OA. "Investigation into the nutritional status, dietary intake and smoking habits of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Hum Nutr Diet. 17(1):3-11;quiz 13-5.
  • Desikan R Mason H et al. Health related quality of life and healthcare resource utilization by COPD patients: A comparison of 3 instruments. Qual Life Res. 2002 11:739-751.
  • de Torres JP, Pinto-Plata V, Ingenito E, et al. Power of outcome measurements to detect clinically significant changes in pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with COPD. Chest. 2002;121(4):1092-1098.
  • Eaton T, Lewis C, Young P, Kennedy Y, Garrett JE, Kolbe J. Long-term oxygen therapy improves health-related quality of life. Respir Med. 2002; 98(4):285-93.
  • Elliott M, Watson C, Wilkinson E, Musk AW, Lake FR. Short- and long-term hospital and community exercise programmes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2004;9(3):345-351.
  • Emtner M, Porszasz J, Burns M, Somfay A, Casaburi R. Benefits of supplemental oxygen in exercise training in nonhypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(9):1034-42.
  • Hui KP, Hewitt AB. A simple pulmonary rehabilitation program improves health outcomes and reduces hospital utilization in patients with COPD. Chest. 2003;124(1):94-7.
  • Kamahara K, Homma T, Naito A, et al. Circuit training for elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a preliminary study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2004;39(2):103-110.
  • Katsura H, Yamada K, Kida K. Usefulness of a linear analog scale questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(8):1131-5.
  • Mador MJ, Bozkanat E, Aggarwal A, Shaffer M, Kufel TJ. (2004) "Endurance and strength training in patients with COPD." Chest. 125(6):2036-45.
  • Neder JA, Sword D, Ward SA, Mackay E, Cochrane LM, Clark CJ. Home based neuromuscular electrical stimulation as a new rehabilitative strategy for severely disabled patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thorax. Apr 2002;57(4):333-337.
  • Oh EG. The effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic lung disease. Int J Nurs Stud. 2003;40(8):873-9.
  • Pitta F, Brunetto AF, Padovani CR, Godoy I. Effects of isolated cycle ergometer training on patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. Sep-Oct 2004;71(5):477-483.
  • Puente-Maestu L, Luisa Sanz M, Sanz P, de Ona RJ, Arnedillo A, Casaburi R. Long-term effects of a maintenance program after supervised or self-monitored training programs in patients with COPD. Lung. 2003;181(2):67-78.
  • Puhan MA, Behnke M, Devereaux PJ, et al. Measurement of agreement on health-related quality of life changes in response to respiratory rehabilitation by patients and physicians--a prospective study. Respir Med. 2004;98(12):1195-1202.
  • Puhan MA, Behnke M, Frey M, et al. Self-administration and interviewer-administration of the German Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire: instrument development and assessment of validity and reliability in two randomised studies. Health Qual Life. 2004;2(1):1.
  • Puhan MA, Busching G, VanOort E, Zaugg C, Schunemann HJ, Frey M. Interval exercise versus continuous exercise in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - study protocol for a randomised controlled trial [SRCTN11611768]. BMC Pulm Med. 2004 ;4(1):5.
  • Sans-Torres J, Domingo C, Moron A, Rue M, Marin A, Saas-Torres J. Long-term effects of almitrine bismesylate in COPD patients with chronic hypoxaemia. Respir Med. 2003;97(6):599-605.
  • Schunemann HJ, Griffith L, Jaeschke R, et al. A comparison of the original chronic respiratory questionnaire with a standardized version. Chest. 2003;124(4):1421-9.
  • Spruit M, Gosselin A. et al. Resistance versus endurance training in patients with COPD and peripheral muscle weakness. Eur Respir J 2002 19:1072-1078.
  • Vogiatzig I, Nasas S et al. Interval training as an alternative modality to continuous exercise in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2002 20:12-19.
  • Wyrwich KW, Fihn SD, Tierney WM, Kroenke K, Babu AN, Wolinsky FD. Clinically important changes in health-related quality of life for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an expert consensus panel report. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(3):196-202.

Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire-CRQ

  • Behnke M, Taube C, Kirsten D, Lehnigk B, Jorres RA, Magnussen H. Home-based exercise is capable of preserving hospital-based improvements in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Medicine. 2000;94:1184-1191.
  • Bernard S, Whittom F, LeBlanc P, Jobin J, Belleau R, Berube C, Carrier G, Maltais F. Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:896-901.
  • Berry MJ, Rejeski WJ, Adair NE, Zaccaro D. Exercise rehabilitation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 1999;160:1248-53.
  • Camp PG, Appleton J, Reid WD. Quality of life after pulmonary rehabilitation: assessing change using quantitative and qualitative methods. Physical Therapy. 2000;80(10):986-995.
  • Chang JA, Curtis JR, Patrick DL, Raghu G. Assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with interstitial lung disease. Chest. 1999;116(5):1175-82.
  • Cochrane WJ, Afolabi OA. Investigation into the nutritional status, dietary intake and smoking habits of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Hum Nutr Diet. 17(1):3-11; quiz 13-5.
  • Connor MC, O'Shea FD, O'Driscoll MF, Concannon D, McDonnell TJ. Efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation in an Irish population. Ir Med J. 2001;94(2):46-48.
  • Crockett AJ, Cranston JM, Moss JR, Alpers JH. Effects of long-term oxygen therapy on quality of life and survival in chronic airflow limitation. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1999;54(2):193-6.
  • Crockett AJ, Cranston JM, Moss JR, Alpers JH. Initial trends in quality of life and survival in CAL patients on domiciliary oxygen therapy. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1996;51 (1): 64-71.
  • Debigare R, Maltais F, Whittom F, Deslauriers J, LeBlanc P. Feasibility and efficacy of home exercise training before lung volume reduction. J Cardiopulmonary Rehabil. 1999;19:235-41.
  • Eaton, T, Garrett, E et al. Ambulatory oxygen improves quality of life of COPD patients: A randomized controlled study. Eur Respir J. 2002; 20:306-312.
  • Eaton T, Lewis C, Young P, Kennedy Y, Garrett JE, Kolbe J. Long-term oxygen therapy improves health-related quality of life. Respir Med. 2004;98(4):285-93.
  • Griffiths TL, Burr ML, Campbell IA, Lewis-Jenkins V, Mullins J, Shiels K, Turner-Lawlor PJ, Payne N, Newcombe RG, Lonescu AA, Thomas J, Tunbridge J. Results at 1 year of outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;355:362-68.
  • Guell R, Casan P, Sangenis M, Morante F, Belda J, Guyatt GH. Quality of life in patients with chronic respiratory disease: the Spanish version of the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) [see comments]. Eur Respir J. 1998;11(1):55-60.
  • Guyatt G, Norman, G et al. A critical look at transition ratings. J Clin Epid. 2002; 55:900-908.
  • Guyatt GH, King DR, Feeny DH, Stubbing D, Goldstein RS. Generic and specific measurement of health-related quality of life in a clinical trial of respiratory rehabilitation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52(3):187-92.
  • Guyatt GH, Townsend M, Keller J, Singer J, Nogradi S. Measuring functional status in chronic lung disease: Conclusions from a randomized control trial. Respir Med 1991;85 (Suppl B): 17-21.
  • Hajiro T, Nishimura K, Jones PW, et al. A novel, short, and simple questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1874-1878.
  • Hajiro T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Ikeda A, Koyama H, Izumi T. Analysis of clinical methods used to evaluate dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(4):1185-9.
  • Hajiro T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Ikeda A, Koyama H, Izumi T. Comparison of discriminative properties among disease-specific questionnaires for measuring health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:785-90.
  • Jarvis B and Markham A. Inhaled salmeterol: a review of its efficacy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Drugs Aging. 2001;18(6): 441-72.
  • Jones, P. Interpreting thresholds for a clinically significant change in health status in asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J. 2002;19: 398-404.
  • Mador MJ, Bozkanat E, Aggarwal A, Shaffer M, Kufel TJ. (2004) “Endurance and strength training in patients with COPD. Chest. 125(6):2036-45.
  • Mahler DA, Donohue JF, Barbee RA, Goldman MD, Gross NJ, Wisniewski ME, Yancey SW, Zakes BA, Rickard KA, Anderson WH. Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 1999;115(4):957-65.
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Pulmonary Functional Status & Dyspnea Questionnaire

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Pulmonary Functional Status Scale

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Quality of Life in Respiratory Illness Questionnaire

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St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire

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Seattle Obstructive Lung Disease Questionnaire

  • Fan V, Curtis J et al. Using quality of life to predict hospitalization and mortality in patients with obstructive lung diseases. Chest 2002 122:429-436.

Sino-Nasal Outcomes Test

  • Hurst JR, Wilkinson TM, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. Upper airway symptoms and quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Med. Aug 2004;98(8):767-770.

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