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Home Care

Despite widespread belief that respiratory home care benefits patients and families, two decades of effort to document these benefits has produced only modest evidence supporting this belief. Research in this area has employed descriptive and quasi-experimental designs as often as it has used randomized clinical trials. Multiple outcomes have been examined, including morbidity and mortality, functional status and quality of life, positive health behaviors, patient and caregiver satisfaction, health care utilization (hospital readmission, emergency care, other), and cost effectiveness. The many instruments used to measure these outcomes are shown below.

In addition, many different models of respiratory home care have been examined, including episodic Medicare-certified home health care, respiratory therapy services delivered in non-Medicare settings, hospital-based home care, home-based primary care, and others. Delivery models similar to U.S. Medicare-certified home care have been tested in Europe and Australia . Finally, some new models of home care in lieu of acute hospitalization have been studied in the United Kingdom and Europe .

Although a substantial body of literature focuses exclusively on patients with respiratory disorders, some studies include patients with a variety of medical and surgical conditions. Study samples that include patients with different conditions suggest the need for generic instruments, while samples consisting exclusively of respiratory patients might lend themselves to use of disease-specific instruments. As always, selection of instruments must be based on the research question(s), target population, and outcomes of interest to the individual researcher. The instruments named below are those that have been used in at least one study examining the outcomes of home care for respiratory patients, but do not represent all of the instruments that could be used.

Barthel Index

1. Hughes SL, Cummings J, Weaver F, Manheim LM, Conrad KJ, Nash K. A randomized trial of Veterans Administration home care for severely disabled veterans. Med Care. 1990;28:135-145.

Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire

EuroQol (EQ-5D)

  • Hazell M, Frank T, Frank P. Health related quality of life in individuals with asthma related symptoms. Respir Med. 2003;97(11):1211-8.
  • Lindberg M, Ahlner J, Ekstrom T, Jonsson D, Moller M. Asthma nurse practice improves outcomes and reduces costs in primary health care. Scand J Caring Sci. Mar 2002;16(1):73-78.
  • McColl E, Eccles MP, Rousseau NS, Steen IN, Parkin DW, Grimshaw JM. From the generic to the condition-specific?: Instrument order effects in Quality of Life Assessment. Med Care. 2003;41(7):777-90.
  • Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Sato S, Hajiro T, Mishima M. A comparison of the responsiveness of different generic health status measures in patients with asthma. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(5):555-63.

Nottingham Health Profile

  • Godard P, Chanez P, Siraudin L, Nicoloyannis N, Duru G. Costs of asthma are correlated with severity: a 1-yr prospective study. Eur Respir J. Jan 2002;19(1):61-67.
  • Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Sato S, Hajiro T, Mishima M. A comparison of the responsiveness of different generic health status measures in patients with asthma. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(5):555-63.

Sickness Impact Profile

  • Rutten-van Molken MP, Custers F, van Doorslaer EK, Jansen CC, Heurman L, Maesen FP, Smeets JJ, Bommer AM, Raaijmakers JA. Comparison of performance of four instruments in evaluating the effects of salmeterol on asthma quality of life. Eur Respir J 1995;8(6):888-98.
  • Thomas K, Ruby J, Peter JV, Cherian AM. Comparison of disease-specific and a generic quality of life measure in patients with bronchial asthma. Nat Med J India 1995;8(6):258-60.

SF-12 Health Survey

  • Balkrishnan R, Christensen DB, Bowton DL. Self-reported health status, prophylactic medication use, and healthcare costs in older adults with asthma. J Am Geriatr Soc. May 2002;50(5):924-929.
  • Blanc PD, Trupin L, Earnest G, et al. Effects of physician-related factors on adult asthma care, health status, and quality of life. Am J Med. 2003;114(7):581-7.
  • Eisner MD, Ackerson LM, Chi F, et al. Health-related quality of life and future health care utilization for asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Jul 2002;89(1):46-55.
  • Katz PP, Yelin EH, Eisner MD, Earnest G, Blanc PD. (2004). Performance of valued life activities reflected asthma-specific quality of life more than general physical function. J Clin Epidemiol. 57(3):259-67

Medical Outcomes Study SF-36

  • Apter AJ, Teisine ST, Affleck G, Barrows E, ZuWallack RL. The influence of demographic and socioeconomic factors on health-related quality of life in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:72-8.
  • Baiardini I, Pasquali M, Giardini A, et al. Rhinasthma: a new specific QoL questionnaire for patients with rhinitis and asthma. Allergy. 2003;58(4):289-94.
  • Blixen CE, Hammel JP, Murphy D, Ault V. Feasibility of a nurse-run asthma education program for urban African- Americans: a pilot study. J Asthma. Feb 2001;38(1):23-32.
  • Blumenschein K, Johannesson M. Relationship between quality of life instruments, health state utilities, and willingness to pay in patients with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;80:189-94.
  • Bonala SB, Pina D, Silverman BA, Amara S, Bassett CW, Schneider AT. Asthma severity, psychiatric morbidity, and quality of life: correlation with inhaled corticosteroid dose. J Asthma. 2003;40(6):691-699.
  • Bousquet J, Knani J, Dhivert H, Richard A, Chicoye A, Ware JE Jr, Michel FB. Quality of life in asthma. I. Internal consistency and validity of the SF-36 questionnaire. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(2 Pt 1):371-5.
  • Brygge T, Heinig H, Collins P, Ronborg S, Gehrchen PM, Hilden J, Heegaard, Poulsen LK. Reflexology and bronchial asthma. Respiratory Medicine. 2001;95:173-179.
  • Didier A, Campos O R. A two-month comparison of salmeterol/beclomethasone and slow-release terbutaline/budesonide in moderate asthma management. Clin Drug Invest. 1997;14(1):1-11.
  • Dyer CAE, Hill SL, Stockley RA, Sinclair AJ. Quality of life in elderly subjects with a diagnostic label of asthma from general practice registers. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:39-45.
  • Dyer CA, Sinclair AJ. A hospital-based case-control study of quality of life in older asthmatics. Eur Respir J. 1997;10(2):337-41.
  • Eisner MD, Katz PP, Yelin EH, Henke J, Smith S, Blanc PD. Assessment of asthma severity in adults with asthma treated by family practitioners, allergists, and pulmonologists. Med Care. 1998;36(11):1567-77.
  • Erickson SR, Christian RD, Kirking DM, Halman LJ. Relationship between patient and disease characteristics, and health- related quality of life in adults with asthma. Respir Med. Jun 2002;96(6):450-460.
  • Erickson SR, Kirking DM. A cross-sectional analysis of work-related outcomes in adults with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Mar 2002;88(3):292-300.
  • Ford E, Mannini D et al Self-reported asthma and health related quality of life: Findings form the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Chest. 123: 119-127.
  • Juniper EF, Buist AS, Cox FM, Ferrie PJ, King DR. Validation of a standardized version of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Chest. 1999;115:1265-70.
  • Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Cox FM, Ferrie PJ, King DR. Development and validation of the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:32-8.
  • Juniper EF, O'Byrne PM, Guyatt GH, Ferrie PJ, King DR. Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure asthma control. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:902-7.
  • Kanter L, Siegel C, et al Impact of respiratory symptoms on heath related quality of life and medical resource utilization of patients treated by allergy specialists and primary care providers. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 89:139-147. 2002
  • Katz P Yelin E, et al . Perceived control of asthma and quality of life among adults with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 89:251-258. 2002
  • Lee TA, Hollingworth W, Sullivan SD. Comparison of directly elicited preferences to preferences derived from the SF-36 in adults with asthma. Med Decis Making. 2003;23(4):323-34.
  • Legorreta AP, Leung KM, Berkbigler D, Evans R, Liu X. Outcomes of a population-based asthma management program: quality of life, absenteeism, and utilization. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000;85:28-34.
  • Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Liard R, et al. Quality of life in allergic rhinitis and asthma: a population-based study of young adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1391-6.
  • Mahajan P, Okamoto LH, Schaberg A, Kellerman D, Schoenwetter WF. Impact of fluticasone propionate powder on health-related quality of life in patients with moderate asthma. J Asthma. 1997;34(3):227-34.
  • Mancuso CA, Peterson MGE, Charlson ME. Effects of depressive symptoms on health-related quality of life in asthma patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15:301-310.
  • Mancuso CA, Peterson MG, Charlson ME. Comparing discriminative validity between a disease-specific and a general health scale in patients with moderate asthma. J Clin Epidemiol. Mar 2001;54(3):263-274.
  • Mancuso CA, Rincon M, et al. Self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and patients' expectations predict outcomes in asthma. Med Care. 2001;39(12): 1326-38.
  • Matheson M, Raven J, Woods RK, Thien F, Walters EH, Abramson M. Wheeze not current asthma affects quality of life in young adults with asthma. Thorax. Feb 2002;57(2):165-167.
  • McColl E, Eccles MP, Rousseau NS, Steen IN, Parkin DW, Grimshaw JM. From the generic to the condition-specific?: Instrument order effects in Quality of Life Assessment. Med Care. 2003;41(7):777-90.
  • Nishimura K, Hajiro T, Oga T, Tsukino M, Ikeda A. Health-related quality of life in stable asthma: what are remaining quality of life problems in patients with well-controlled asthma? J Asthma. 2004;41(1):57-65.
  • Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Sato S, Hajiro T, Mishima M. A comparison of the responsiveness of different generic health status measures in patients with asthma. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(5):555-63.
  • Okamoto LJ, Noonan M, DeBoisblanc BP, Kellerman DJ. Fluticasone propionate improves quality of life in patients with asthma requiring oral corticosteroids. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996;76(5):455-61.
  • Osborne ML, Vollmer WM, Linton KLP, Buist S. Characteristics of patients with asthma within a large HMO. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157;123-8.
  • Osman LM, Calder C, Robertson R, et al. Symptoms, quality of life, and health service contact among young adults with mild asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:498-503.
  • Perneger TV, Sudre P, Muntner P, et al. Effect of patient education on self-management skills and health status in patients with asthma: a randomized trial. Am J Med. Jul 2002;113(1):7-14.
  • Ried LD, Nau DP, Grainger-Rousseau TJ. Evaluation of patient's health-related quality of life using a modified and shortened version of the Living with Asthma Questionnaire (ms-LWAQ) and the medical outcomes study, Short-Form 36 (SF-36). Qual Life Res. 1999;8:491-9.
  • Rydman RJ, Isola ML, Roberts RR, Zalenski RJ, McDermott MF, Murphy DG, McCarren MM, Kampe LM. Emergency Department Observation Unit versus hospital inpatient care for a chronic asthmatic population: a randomized trial of health status outcome and cost. Med Care. 1998;36(4):599-609.
  • Sararaks S, Rugayah B, et al. Quality of life--how do Malaysian asthmatics fare? Med J Malaysia. 2001;56(3): 350-8.
  • Sippel JM, Pedula KL, Vollmer WM, Buist AS, Osborne ML Associations of smoking with hospital-based care and quality of life in patients with obstructive airway disease. Chest. 1999;115(3):691-6.
  • Skaer TL, Wilson CB, Sclar DA, Arnold TA, Garcia CF, Schmidt LN, Key BD, Robison LM. Metered-dose inhaler technique and quality of life with airways disease: assessing the value of the Vitalograph in educational intervention. J Int Med Res. 1996;24(4):369-75.
  • Terreehorst I, Duivenvoorden H et al The unfavorable effects of concomitant asthma and sleeplessness due to the atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome on quality of life in subjects allergic to house-dust mites. Allergy. 2002 57:919-925.
  • Van der Molen T, Sears MR, de Graaff CS, Postma DS, Meyboom-de Jong B, for the Canadian and the Dutch Formoterol Investigators. Quality of life during formoterol treatment: comparison between asthma-specific and generic questionaires. Eur Respir. 1998;12:30-4.
  • Vilar MEB, Reddy BM, Silverman BA, Bassett CW, Rao YAK, Chiaramonte LT, Schneider AT. Superior clinical outcomes of inner city asthma patients treated in an allergy clinic. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000;84:299-303.
  • Vollmer WM, Markson LE, O'Connor E, Sanocki LL, Fitterman L, Berger M, Buist AS. Association of asthma control with health care utilization and quality of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1647-52.
  • Zillich AJ, Blumenschein K, Johannesson M, Freeman P. Assessment of the relationship between measures of disease severity, quality of life, and willingness to pay in asthma. Pharmacoeconomics. 2002;20(4):257-265.

15D

  • Kauppinen R, Vilkka V, Sintonen G, Klaukka T, Tukiainen H. Long-term economic evaluation of intensive patient education during the first treatment year in newly diagnosed adult asthma. Respiratory Medicine. 2001;95:56-63.

Condition-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life Instruments Used in Asthma

Airways Questionnaire

  • Oga T, Nishimura K. et al Comparison of the responsiveness of different disease-specific health status measures in patients with asthma, Chest. 2002 122:1228-1233.

Asthma Bother Profile

  • Lewith GT, Watkins AD, Hyland ME, et al. Use of ultramolecular potencies of allergen to treat asthmatic people allergic to house dust mite: double blind randomised controlled clinical trial. Bmj. 2002;324(7336):520

Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire [Juniper's]

  • Abdulwadud O, Abramson M, Forbes A, et al. Evaluation of a randomised controlled trial of adult asthma eduction in a hospital setting. Thorax. .1999;54:493-500.
  • Apter AJ, Teisine ST, Affleck G, Barrows E, ZuWallack RL. The influence of demographic and socioeconomic factors on health-related quality of life in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:72-8.
  • Banov C, Howland WC, 3rd, Lumry WR, Parasuraman B, Uryniak T, Liljas B. Budesonide turbuhaler delivered once daily improves health-related quality of life in adult patients with non-steroid-dependent asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2003;24(2):129-36.
  • Barley EA, Jones PW. A comparison of global questions versus health status questionnaires as measures of the severity and impact of asthma. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:591-6.
  • Bateman ED, Frith LF, Braunstein GL. Achieving guideline-based asthma control: does the patient benefit? Eur Respir. 2002;20:588-595.
  • Biernacki W, Peake MD. Acupuncture in treatment of stable asthma. Respir Med. 1998;92(9):1143-5.
  • Bjermer L, Bisgaard H, Bousquet J, et al. Montelukast or salmeterol combined with an inhaled steroid in adult asthma: design and rationale of a randomized, double-blind comparative study (the IMPACT Investigation of Montelukast as a Partner Agent for Complementary Therapy-trial). Respir Med. 2000;94:612-21.
  • Blackstien-Hirsch P, Anderson G, Cicutto L, McIvor A, Norton P. Implementing continuing education strategies for family physicians to enhance asthma patients' quality of life. Journal of Asthma. 2000;37(3):247-257.
  • Blixen CE, Hammel JP, Murphy D, Ault V. Feasibility of a nurse-run asthma education program for urban African- Americans: a pilot study. Journal of Asthma. 2001;38(1):23-32.
  • Blumenschein K, Johannesson M. Relationship between quality of life instruments, health state utilities, and willingness to pay in patients with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;80(2):189-94.
  • Bonala SB, Pina D, Silverman BA, Amara S, Bassett CW, Schneider AT. Asthma severity, psychiatric morbidity, and quality of life: correlation with inhaled corticosteroid dose. J Asthma. 2003;40(6):691-9.
  • Bousquet J, Wenzel S, Holgate S, Lumry W, Freeman P, Fox H. (2004). Predicting response to omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in patients with allergic asthma. Chest. 125(4):1378-86.
  • Buhl R, Hanf G et al The anti-IgE antibody onalizunab improves asthma-related quality of life in patients with allergic asthma. Eur Respir. 2002 20:1088-1094.
  • Casale TB, Nelson HS, Kemp J, Parasuraman B, Uryniak T, Liljas B. Budesonide Turbuhaler delivered once daily improves health-related quality of life and maintains improvements with a stepped-down dose in adults with mild to moderate asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90(3):323-30.
  • Castro M, Zimmermann NA, Crocker S, Bradley J, Leven C, Schechtman KB. Asthma intervention program prevents readmissions in high healthcare users. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(9):1095-9.
  • Cote J, Bowie DM, Robichaud P, Parent JG, Battisti L, Boulet LP. Evaluation of two different educational interventions for adult patients consulting with an acute asthma exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(6):1415-1419.
  • Dahlen SE, Malmstrom K, Nizankowska E, et al. Improvement of aspirin-intolerant asthma by montelukast, a leukotriene antagonist: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Jan 1 2002;165(1):9-14.
  • de Oliveira MA, Faresin SM, Bruno VF, de Bittencourt AR, Fernandes AL. Evaluation of an educational programme for socially deprived asthma patients. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:908-14.
  • Dorinsky PM, Edwards LD, Yancey SW, Rickard KA. Use of changes in symptoms to predict changes in lung function in assessing the response to asthma therapy. Clin Ther. 2001;23(5):701-714.
  • Erickson SR, Christian RD, Kirking DM, Halman LJ. Relationship between patient and disease characteristics, and health- related quality of life in adults with asthma. Respir Med. 2002;96(6):450-460.
  • Erickson SR, Kirking DM. A cross-sectional analysis of work-related outcomes in adults with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Mar 2002;88(3):292-300.
  • Finn A, Gross G et al. Omalizumab improves asthma-related quality of life in patients with severe allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 111:278-284.
  • Fitzgerald JM, Shragge D, Haddon J, Jennings B, Lee J, Bai T, Pare P, Kassen D, Grunfeld A. A randomized, controlled trial of high dose, inhaled budesonide versus oral prednisone in patients discharged from the emergency department following an acute asthma exacerbation. Can Respir. 2000;7(1):61-7.
  • Fowler SJ, Currie GP, Lipworth BJ. Step-down therapy with low-dose fluticasone-salmeterol combination or medium-dose hydrofluoroalkane 134a-beclomethasone alone. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(6):929-935
  • Guyatt G, Norman, G et al. A critical look at transition ratings. J Clin Epid. 2002 55:900-908.
  • Holgate ST, Chuchalin AG, Hebert J, Lotvall J, Persson GB, Chung KF, Bousquet J,Kerstjens HA, Fox H, Thirlwell J, Cioppa GD. Omalizumab 011 International Study Group. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant anti-immunoglobulin E antibody (omalizumab) in severe allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004; 34(4):632-8.
  • Jones, P. Interpreting thresholds for a clinically significant change in health status in asthma and COPD. Eur Respir. 2002: 19: 398-404.
  • Juniper EF, Buist AS. Health-related quality of life in moderate asthma: 400 microg hydrofluoroalkane beclomethasone dipropionate vs 800 microg chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate. The Study Group. Chest. 1999;116:1297-303.
  • Juniper EF, Buist AS, Cox FM, Ferrie PJ, King DR. Validation of a standardized version of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Chest. 1999; 115, 5: 1265-70.
  • Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Cox FM, Ferrie PJ, King DR. Development and validation of the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Eur Respir. 1999;14:32-8.
  • Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Ferrie PJ, Griffith LE. Measuring quality of life in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147(4):832-8.
  • Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Streiner DL, King DR. Clinical impact versus factor analysis for quality of life questionnaire construction. J Clin Epidemiol . 1997;50(3):233-8
  • Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Willan A, Griffith LE. Determining a minimal important change in a disease-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire . J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47(1):81-7.
  • Juniper EF, Johnston PR, Borkhoff CM, Guyatt GH, Boulet LP, Haukioja A. Quality of life in asthma clinical trials: comparison of salmeterol and salbutamol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151(1):66-70.
  • Juniper EF, O'Byrne PM, Guyatt GH, Ferrie PJ, King DR. Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure asthma control. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:902-7.
  • Juniper EF, Price DB, Stampone PA, Creemers JP, Mol SJ, Fireman P. Clinically important improvements in asthma-specific quality of life, but no difference in conventional clinical indexes in patients changed from conventional beclomethasone dipropionate to approximately half the dose of extrafine beclomethasone dipropionate(*). Chest. 2002;121(6):1824-1832.
  • Kemp JP, Cook DA, Incaudo GA, Corren J, Kalberg C, Emmett A, Cox FM, Rickard K. Salmeterol improves quality of life in patients with asthma requiring inhaled corticosteroids. Salmeterol Quality of Life Study Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(2 pt 1):188-95.
  • Lee TA, Hollingworth W, Sullivan SD. Comparison of directly elicited preferences to preferences derived from the SF-36 in adults with asthma. Med Decis Making. 2003;23(4):323-34.
  • Leidy NK, Coughlin C. Psychometric performance of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire in a US sample. Qual Life Res. 1998;7(2):127-43.
  • Leroyer C, Lebrun T, Proust A, Lenne X, Lucas E, Rio G, Dewitte JD, Clavier J. Knowledge, self-management, compliance and quality of life in asthma: a cross-sectional study of the French version of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Qual Life Res. 1998;7(3):267-72.
  • Levin TR, Sperling RM, McQuaid KR. Omeprazole improves peak expiratory flow rate and quality of life in asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93(7):1060-3.
  • Lockey RF, DuBuske LM, Friedman B, Petrocella V, Cox F, Rickard K. Nocturnal asthma: effect of salmeterol on quality of life and clinical outcomes. Chest . 1999;115(3):666-73.
  • Malmstrom K, Rodriguez-Gomez G, Guerra J, Villaran C, Pineiro A, Wei LX, Seidenberg BC, Reiss TF. Oral montelukast, inhaled beclomethasone, and placebo for chronic asthma. A randomized, controlled trial. Montelukast/Beclomethasone Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(6):487-95.
  • Malo JL, Boulet LP, Dewitte JD, Cartier A, L'Archeveque J, Cote J, Bedard G, Boucher S, Champagne F, Tessier G, et al. Quality of life of subjects with occupational asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993;91(6):1121-7.
  • Mancuso CA, Peterson MG, Charlson ME. Comparing discriminative validity between a disease-specific and a general health scale in patients with moderate asthma. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(3):263-274.
  • Mancuso CA, Peterson MGE, Charlson ME. Effects of depressive symptoms on health-related quality of life in asthma patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15:301-310.
  • Mancuso CA, Rincon M, et al. Self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and patients' expectations predict outcomes in asthma. Med Care. 2001;39(12): 1326-38.
  • McFadden ER, Casale TB, Edwards TB, Kemp JP, Metzber WG, Nelson HS, Storms WW, Neidl M. Administration of budesonide once daily by means of Turbuhaler to subjects with stable asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:46-52.
  • McColl E, Eccles MP, Rousseau NS, Steen IN, Parkin DW, Grimshaw JM. From the generic to the condition-specific?: Instrument order effects in Quality of Life Assessment. Med Care. 2003;41(7):777-90.
  • Meltzer EO, Lockey RF, Friedman BF, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose fluticasone propionate compared with montelukast for maintenance treatment of persistent asthma. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77(5):437-445.
  • Meyer IH, Sternfels P, Fagan JK, Ford JG. Asthma-related limitations in sexual functioning: an important but neglected area of quality of life. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(5):770-772.
  • Moudgil H, Marshall T, Honeybourne D. Asthma education and quality of life in the community: a randomised controlled study to evaluate the impact on white European and Indian subcontinent ethnic groups from socioeconomically deprived areas in Birmingham, UK. Thorax. 2000;55:177-83.
  • Moy ML, Israel E, Weiss ST, Juniper EF, Dube L, Drazen JM. Clinical predictors of health-related quality of life depend on asthma severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(4):924-929.
  • Nathan RA, Bernstein JA, Bielory L, Bonuccelli CM, Calhoun WJ, Galant SP, Hanby LA, Kemp JP, Kylstra JW, Nayak AS, O'Connor JP, Schwartz HJ, Southern DL, Spector SL, Williams PV. Zafirlukast improves asthma symptoms and quality of life in patients with moderate reversible airflow obstruction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102(6 Pt 1):935-42.
  • Nelson HS, Busse WW, deBoisblanc BP, Berger WE, Noonan MJ, Webb DR, Wolford JP, Mahajan PS, Hamedani AG, Shah T, Harding SM Fluticasone propionate powder: oral corticosteroid-sparing effect and improved lung function and quality of life in patients with severe chronic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103(2 Pt 1):267-75.
  • Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Sato S, Hajiro T, Mishima M. A comparison of the responsiveness of different generic health status measures in patients with asthma. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(5):555-63.
  • Oga T, Nishimura K. et al. Comparison of the responsiveness of different disease-specific health status measures in patients with asthma. Chest 2002 122:1228-1233.
  • Perneger TV, Sudre P, Muntner P, et al. Effect of patient education on self-management skills and health status in patients with asthma: a randomized trial. Am J Med. Jul 2002;113(1):7-14.
  • Put C, Demedts M, van den Bergh O, Demyttenaere K, Verleden G. Asthma symptoms: influence of personality versus clinical status. Eur Respir J . 1999;13:751-6.
  • Put C, Van den Bergh O, Demedts M, Verleden G. A study of the relationship among self-reported noncompliance, symptomatology, and psychological variables in patients with asthma. Journal of Asthma. 2000;37(3):503-510.
  • Riccioni G, D'Orazio N, Di Ilio C, Menna V, Guagnano MT, Della Vecchia R. (2004). Quality of Life and clinical symptoms in asthmatic subjects. J Asthma . 41(1):85-9.
  • Rimington LD, Davies DH, Lowe D, Pearson MG. Relationship between anxiety, depression, and morbidity in adult asthma patients. Thorax. 2001;56:266-271.
  • Rowe BH, Bota GW, Fabris L, Therrien SA, Milner RA, Jacono J. Inhaled budesonide in addition to oral corticosteroids to prevent asthma relapse following discharge from the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;281(22):2119-26.
  • Rowe BH, Oxman AD. Performance of an asthma quality of life questionnaire in an outpatient setting. Am Rev Respir Disease. 1993;148(3):675-81.
  • Sanjuas C, Alonso J, et al . Health related quality of life in asthma" a comparisons between the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire and the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Qual Life Res. 2002 11: 729-738.
  • Sanjuas C, Alonso J, Ferrer M, Curull V, Broquetas JM, Anto JM. Adaptation of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire to a second language preserves its critical properties: the Spanish version. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(2):182-189.
  • Sen SS, Gupchup GV, Thomas J, 3rd. Selecting among health-related quality-of-life instruments. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999;56:1965-70; quiz 1971.
  • Sippel JM, Pedula KL, Vollmer WM, Buist AS, Osborne ML. Associations of smoking with hospital-based care and quality of life in patients with obstructive airway disease. Chest. 1999;115(3):691-6.
  • Stahl E, Postma DS, Svensson K, et al. Formoterol used as needed improves health-related quality of life in asthmatic patients uncontrolled with inhaled corticosteroids. Respir Med. 2003;97(9):1061-6.
  • Tan WC, Tan JW, Wee EW, Niti M, Ng TP. (2004) Validation of the English version of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Qual Life Res. 13(2):551-6.
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  • Turner MO, Taylor D, Bennett R, Fitzgerald JM. A randomized trial comparing peak expiratory flow and symptom self-management plans for patients with asthma attending a primary care clinic. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(2):540-6.
  • Vandenplas O, Jamart J, Delwiche JP, Evrard G, Larbanois A. Occupational asthma caused by natural rubber latex: outcome according to cessation or reduction of exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Jan 2002;109(1):125-130.
  • van der Molen T, Sears MR, de Graaff CS, Postma DS, Meyboom-de Jong B, for the Canadian and the Dutch Formoterol Investigators. Quality of life during formoterol treatment: comparison between asthma-specific and generic questionaires. Eur Respir 1998;12:30-4.
  • Vollmer WM, Markson LE, O'Connor E, et al. Association of asthma control with health care utilization and quality of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1647-52.
  • Wasserfallen J, Gold K, Schulman KA, Baraniuk JN. Item responsiveness of a rhinitis and asthma symptom score during a pollen season. J Asthma. 1999;36(5):459-65.
  • Wenzel SE, Lumry W, Manning M, Kalberg C, Cox F, Emmett A, Rickard K. Efficacy, safety, and effects on quality of life of salmeterol versus albuterol in patients with mild to moderate persistent asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;80(6):463-70.
  • Wyrwich KW, Tierney WM, Wolinsky FD. Using the standard error of measurement to identify important changes on the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Qual Life Res. 2002;11(1):1-7.

Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire [Marks']

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  • Marks GB, Mellis C, Peat JK, Woolcock AJ, Leeder SR. A profile of asthma and its management in a New South Wales provincial centre. Med J Australia. 1994;160(5):260-4, 268.
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  • Premaratne UN, Sterne JAC, Marks GB, Webb JR, Azima H, Burney PGJ. Clustered randomised trial of an intervention to improve the management of asthma: Greenwich asthma study. BMJ. 1999;318:1251-5.
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Adolescent Quality of Life Questionnaire

  • Wolf BL, Reed G. Asthma quality of life in a Southern practice: towards a new paradigm. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999;83:371-6.

Asthma Technology of Patient Experience (Asthma TyPE)

  • Zillich AJ, Blumenschein K, Johannesson M, Freeman P. Assessment of the relationship between measures of disease severity, quality of life, and willingness to pay in asthma. Pharmacoeconomics. 2002;20(4):257-265.

Integrated Therapeutics Group - Asthma Short Form (ITG-ASF)

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Living with Asthma Questionnaire

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  • Oga T, Nishimura K. et al Comparison of the responsiveness of different disease-specific health status measures in patients with asthma. Chest. 2002; 122:1228-1233.
  • Palmer JBD, Hyland ME. Salmeterol in clinical practice: comparator and safety studies, quality of life studies. Eur Respir Rev. 1991;1(4):301-303.
  • Ried LD, Nau DP, Grainger-Rousseau TJ. Evaluation of patient's Health-Related Quality of Life using a modified and shortened version of the Living With Asthma Questionnaire (ms-LWAQ) and the medical outcomes study, Short-Form 36 (SF-36). Qual Life Res. 1999;8:491-9.
  • Sen SS, Gupchup GV, Thomas J, 3rd. Selecting among health-related quality-of-life instruments. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999;56:1965-70; quiz 1971.
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  • Vazquez MI. Relationship between psychological variables relevant to asthma and patients' quality of life. Psychological Reports. 2000;86:31-33.
  • Vermetten FAAM, Boermans AJM, Luiten WDVF, Mulder PGH, Vermue NA. Comparison of salmeterol with beclomethasone in adult patients with mild persistent asthma who are already on low-dose inhaled steroids. J Asthma . 1999;36(1):97-106.
  • Boulet L, Boulet V et al. How should we quantify asthma control: A proposal. Chest. 2002 122:2217-2223.

Quality of Life in Respiratory Illness Questionnaire

  • van Stel H, Maille A, et al. Interpretation of change and longitudinal validity of the quality of life for respiratory illness questionnaire (QoLRIQ) in inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. Qual Life Res. 2003; 12:133-145.
  • Wijnhoven HAH, Kriegsman DMW, Hesselink AE, Penninx BWJH, de Haan M. Determinants of different dimensions of disease severity in asthma and COPD. Chest. 2001;119:1034-1042.

Rhinasthma

  • Baiardini I, Pasquali M, Giardini A, et al. Rhinasthma: a new specific QoL questionnaire for patients with rhinitis and asthma. Allergy. 2003;58(4):289-94.

St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire

  • Anie KA, Jones PW, Hilton SR, Anderson HR. A computer-assisted telephone interview technique for assessment of asthma morbidity and drug use in adult asthma. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(6):653-6.
  • Barley EA, Jones PW. A comparison of global questions versus health status questionnaires as measures of the severity and impact of asthma. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:591-6.
  • de Oliveira MA, Faresin SM, Bruno VF, de Bittencourt AR, Fernandes AL. Evaluation of an educational programme for socially deprived asthma patients. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:908-14.
  • Durna Z, Ozcan S. Evaluation of self-management education for asthmatic patients. J Asthma. 2003;40(6):631-43.
  • Dyer CA, Hill SL, Stockley RA, Sinclair AJ. Quality of life in elderly subjects with a diagnostic label of asthma from general practice registers. Eur Respir J. 1999;14:39-45.
  • Gallefoss F, Bakke PS, Kjaersgaard P. Quality of life assessment after patient education in a randomized controlled study on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;169:812-7.
  • Huang CJ, Wang CH, Liu WT, et al. Zafirlukast improves pulmonary function in patients with moderate persistent asthma receiving regular inhaled steroids: a prospective randomized control study. Chang Gung Med J. 2003;26(8):554-60.
  • Jones, P. Interpreting thresholds for a clinically significant change in health status in asthma and COPD Eur Respir J. 2002; 19: 398-404.
  • Jones PW. Quality of life, symptoms and pulmonary function in asthma: longterm treatment with nedocromil sodium examined in a controlled multicentre trial. Nedocromil Sodium Quality of Life Study Group. Eur Respir J . 1994;7(1):55-62.
  • Kanter L, Siegel C, et al Impact of respiratory symptoms on heath related quality of life and medical resource utilization of patients treated by allergy specialists and primary care providers. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 89:139-147. 2002.
  • Kauppinen R, Vilkka V, Sintonen G, Klaukka T, Tukiainen H. Long-term economic evaluation of intensive patient education during the first treatment year in newly diagnosed adult asthma. Respiratory Medicine. 2001;95:56-63.
  • Kauppinen R, Sintonen H, Vilkka V, Tukiainen H. Long-term (3-year) economic evaluation of intensive patient education for self-management during the first year in new asthmatics. Respir Med. 1999;93:283-9.
  • Koskela T, Hedman J, Ekroos H, et al. Equivalence of two steroid-containg inhalers: Easyhaler multidose powder inhalder compared with conventional aerosol with large-volume spacer. Respiration.2000;67:194-202.
  • Molimard M, Bourcereau J, Le Gros V, Bourdeix I, Leynadier F, Duroux P. Comparison between formoterol 12 ug bid and on-demand salbutamol in moderate persistant asthma. Respiratory Medicine. 2001;95:64-70.
  • Nishimura K, Hajiro T, Oga T, Tsukino M, Ikeda A. Health-related quality of life in stable asthma: what are remaining quality of life problems in patients with well-controlled asthma? J Asthma. 2004; 41(1):57-65.
  • Osman LM, Calder C, Robertson R, et al. Symptoms, quality of life, and health service contact among young adults with mild asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:498-503.
  • Plaza V, Serra-Batlles J, Ferrer M, Morejon E. Quality of life and economic features in elderly asthmatics. Respiration. 2000;67:65-70.
  • Richter B, Bender R, Berger M. Effects of on-demand B2-agonist inhalation in moderate-to-severe asthma. A randomized controlled trial. J Intern Med. 2000;247:657-66.
  • Sanjuas C, Alonso J, et al. Health related quality of life in asthma: a comparison between the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire and the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Qual Life Res. 2002; 11: 729-738.
  • Sanjuas C, Alonso J, Ferrer M, Curull V, Broquetas JM, Anto JM. Adaptation of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire to a second language preserves its critical properties: the Spanish version. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001; 54(2):182-189.
  • Vollmer WM, Markson LE, O'Connor E, et al. Association of asthma control with health care utilization and quality of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1647-52.
  • Wang KY , Wu CP, Tang YY, Yang ML. Health-related quality of life in Taiwanese patients with bronchial asthma. J Formos Med Assoc. 103(3):205-11.

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