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Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States. Traditionally, studies of new lung cancer treatments have relied on outcome measures such as tumor response, survival, or disease-free survival. More recently, investigators and regulators have recognized that quality of life outcomes are important to patients with lung cancer and the physicians who care for them. In fact, the Food and Drug Administration now approves new anti-cancer drugs on the basis of beneficial effects on quality of life 1 .

Several generic instruments have been used to study quality of life in persons with lung cancer. In addition, cancer-specific and lung cancer-specific instruments have been developed and validated. Cancer-specific quality of life is distinct from measures of performance status, which have been used by oncologists for many years. Performance status measures are typically completed by a physician or interviewer, and include a single item that provides a composite description of physical activity and symptoms. In contrast, quality of life instruments are typically completed by the patient, and include multiple items that cover two or more of life's domains. Schaafsma and Osoba found a weak association between observer-rated Karnofsky performance status and patient-rated quality of life 2 .

Lung cancer-specific quality of life instruments are potentially useful because they focus on symptoms and impairments that are likely to affect patients with lung cancer. Some instruments are particularly useful for evaluating chemotherapeutic agents, because they include items about potential side effects of treatment. These same instruments might not be appropriate for studying patients with early stage lung cancer who are treated by surgical resection; generic instruments or respiratory disease-specific instruments might prove more useful in this population. Fortunately, investigators studying quality of life in lung cancer can choose between several instruments, one or more of which will likely meet their needs.

1. Beitz J, Gnecco C, Justice R. Quality-of-life endpoints in cancer clinical trials: the U.S. Food and Drug Administration perspective. Monogr Natl Cancer Inst 1996;20:7-9.

2. Schaafsma J, Osoba D. The Karofsky performance status scale re-examined: a cross validation with the EORTC-C30. Qual Life Res 1994;3:413:424.

Generic Health-Related Quality of Life Instruments Used in Lung Cancer

Daily Diary Card (Geddes)

  • Rudd RM, Gower NH , Spiro SG, et al. Gemcitabine plus carboplatin versus mitomycin, ifosfamide, and cisplatin in patients with stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III randomized study of the London Lung Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. Jan 1 2005 ;23(1):142-153.

Daily Diary Card (Medical Research Council)

  • Gridelli C, Gallo C, Di Maio M, et al. A randomised clinical trial of two docetaxel regimens (weekly vs 3 week) in the second-line treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. The DISTAL 01 study. Br J Cancer. Dec 13 2004 ;91(12):1996-2004.

EuroQol (EQ-5D)

  • Fossella F, Pereira JR, von Pawel J, et al. Randomized, multinational, phase III study of docetaxel plus platinum combinations versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the TAX 326 study group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(16):3016-24.

Health and Activities Limitation Index (HALex)

  • Ko CY, Maggard M, Livingston EH. Evaluating health utility in patients with melanoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, and lung cancer: a nationwide, population-based assessment. J Surg Res. 2003;114(1):1-5.

Nottingham Health Profile

  • Montazeri A, Hole DJ, Milroy R, McEwen J, Gillis CR. (2004) Does knowledge of cancer diagnosis affect quality of life? A methodological challenge. BMC Cancer. 4(1):21.
  • Montazeri A, Milroy R, Hole D, McEwen J, Gillis CR. How quality of life data contribute to our understanding of cancer patients' experiences? A study of patients with lung cancer. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(2):157-66.
  • Montazeri A, Milroy R, Hole D, McEwen J, Gillis CR. Quality of life in lung cancer patients as an important prognostic factor. Lung Cancer 2001;31:233-240.

Quality of Life Index

  • Ferguson MK, Lehman AG. Sleeve lobectomy or pneumonectomy: optimal management strategy using decision analysis techniques. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76(6):1782-8.
  • Handy JR, Asaph JW, Skokan L, et al. What happens to patients undergoing lung cancer surgery? Outcomes and quality of life before and after surgery. Chest. Jul 2002;122(1):21-30.

SF-12 Health Survey

  • Taylor KL, Shelby R, Gelmann E, McGuire C. (2004) "Quality of life and trial adherence among participants in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96(14):1083-94.

Medical Outcomes Study SF-36

  • Billante CR, Spector B, et al. Voice outcome following thyroplasty in patients with cancer-related vocal fold paralysis. Auris Nasus Larynx 2001;28(4): 315-21.
  • Gore JM, Brophy CJ, Greenstone MA. How well do we care for patients with end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A comparison of palliative care and quality of life in COPD and lung cancer. Thorax 2000; 55:1000-1006.
  • Handy JR, Asaph JW, Skokan L, et al. What happens to patients undergoing lung cancer surgery? Outcomes and quality of life before and after surgery. Chest. Jul 2002;122(1):21-30.
  • Kurtz ME, Kurtz JC, Stommel M, Given CW, Given B. Predictors of depressive symptomatology of geriatric patients with lung cancer-a longitudinal analysis. Psychooncology. Jan-Feb 2002;11(1):12-22.
  • Lubbe AS, Krischke NR, Dimeo F, Forkel S, Petermann F. Health-related quality of life and pulmonary function in lung cancer patients undergoing medical rehabilitation treatment. Wien Med Wschr 2001;151:29-34.
  • Mangione CM, Goldman L, et al. health-related quality of life after elective surgery. Measurement of longitudinal changes. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:686-97.
  • Myrdal G, Valtysdottir S, Lambe M, Stahle E. Quality of life following lung cancer surgery. Thorax. 2003;58(3):194-7.
  • Pompeo E, De Dominicis E, Ambrogi V, Mineo D, Elia S, Mineo TC. Quality of life after tailored combined surgery for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer and severe emphysema. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76(6):1821-7.
  • Sarna L, Evangelista L, Tashkin D, Padilla G, Holmes C, Brecht ML, Grannis F. Impact of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function on quality of life of long-term survivors of non-small cell lung cancer.” Chest. 2004; 125(2):439-45.
  • Sarna L, Padilla G, Holmes C, Tashkin D, Brecht ML, Evangelista L. Quality of life of long-term survivors of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. Jul 1 2002; 20(13):2920-2929.
  • Sarna L. Functional status in women with lung cancer. Cancer Nurs 1994;17(2):87-83.
  • Trippoli S, Vaiani M, et al. Quality of life and utility in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Quality-of-life Study Group of the Master 2 Project in Pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacoeconomics 2001;19(8): 855-63.
  • Zhao H, Kanda K. Testing psychometric properties of the standard Chinese version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). J Epidemiol. Nov 2004;14(6):193-203.

Sickness Impact Profile

  • Bergman B, Sullivan M, et al. Quality of life during chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. I. An evaluation with generic health measures. Acta Oncol 1991;30(8):947-57.
  • Dales, RE, Belanger R, et al. Quality-of-life following thoracotomy for lung cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 1994;47(12):1443-9.

Condition-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life Instruments Used in Lung Cancer

Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System

  • Sarna L. Functional status in women with lung cancer. Cancer Nurs 1994;17(2): 87-93.
  • Schag CAC, Ganz PA et al. Quality of life in adult survivors of lung, colon, and prostate cancer. Qual Life Res 1994;3:127-41.

Daily Diary Card (Medical Research Council)

  • Bleehen NM, Fayers PM et al. Survival, adverse reactions and quality of life during combination chemotherapy compared with selective palliative treatment for small-cell lung cancer. Resp Med 1989; 83: 51-8.
  • Bleehen NM, Girling DJ, Hopwood P, Lallemand G, Machin D, Stephens RJ, Bailey AJ. Randomized trial of four-drug vs less intensive two-drug chemotherapy in the palliative treatment of patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and poor prognosis. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Br J Cancer 1996;73(3):406-13.
  • Macbeth FR, Bolger JJ, Hopwood P, Bleehen NM, Cartmell J, Girling DH, Machin D, Stephens RJ, Bailey AJ. Randomized tiral of palliative two-fraction versus more intensive 13-fraction radiotherapy for patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer and good performance status. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1996;8(3):167-75.

European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30)

  • Gridelli C, Gallo C, Di Maio M, et al. A randomised clinical trial of two docetaxel regimens (weekly vs 3 week) in the second-line treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. The DISTAL 01 study. Br J Cancer. Dec 13 2004 ;91(12):1996-2004.
  • Mu XL, Li LY, Zhang XT, Wang SL, Wang MZ. Evaluation of safety and efficacy of gefitinib ('iressa', zd1839) as monotherapy in a series of Chinese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: experience from a compassionate-use programme. BMC Cancer. Aug 19 2004 ;4(1):51.
  • Perez-Soler R, Chachoua A, Hammond LA, et al. Determinants of tumor response and survival with erlotinib in patients with non--small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. Aug 15 2004 ;22(16):3238-3247.
  • Anderson H, Hopwood P, Stephens RJ, Thatcher N, Cottier B, Nicholson M, Milroy R, Maughan TS, Falk SJ, Bond MG, Burt PA, Connolly CK, McIllmurray MB, Carmichael J. Gemcitabine plus best supportive care (BSC) vs BSC in inoperable non-small cell lung cancer - a randomized trial with quality of life as the primary outcome. Br J Cancer 2000;83(4):447-453.
  • Bezjak, A, Dixon P et al. Randomized phase III trial of single versus fractionated thoracic radiation in the palliation of patients with lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002 ;54:719-728.
  • Booth S, Adams L. The shuttle walking test: a reproducible method for evaluating the impact of shortness of breath on functional capacity in patients with advanced cancer. Thorax. Feb 2001;56(2):146-150.
  • Cella D. Quality of life considerations in patients with advanced lung cancer. Semin Oncol. 2004;31(6 Suppl 11):16-20.
  • Cardenal F, Lopez-Cabrerizo MP, Anton A, Alberola V, Massuti B, Carrato A, Barneto I, Lomas M, Garcia M, Lianes P, Montalar J, Vadell C, Gonzalez-Larriba JL, Nguyen B, Artal A, Rosell R. Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine-cisplatin versus etoposide-cisplatin in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:12-8.
  • Chie WC, Yang CH, Hsu C, Yang PC. Quality of life of lung cancer patients: validation of the Taiwan Chinese version of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-LC13. Qual Life Res. 2004; 13(1):257-62.
  • Dancey J, Shepherd FA, Gralla RJ, Kim YS. (2004) “Quality of life assessment of second-line docetaxel versus best supportive care in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: results of a prospective, randomized phase III trial.” Lung Cancer. 43(2):183-94.
  • Dancey J, Zee B et al. Quality of life scores: an independent prognostic variable in a general population of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Qual Life Res 1997; 6(2): 151-8.
  • Danson S, Middleton MR, O'Byrne KJ, et al. Phase III trial of gemcitabine and carboplatin versus mitomycin, ifosfamide, and cisplatin or mitomycin, vinblastine, and cisplatin in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;98(3):542-53.
  • Di Maio M, Gridelli C, Gallo C, Manzione L, Brancaccio L, Barbera S, Robbiati SF, Ianniello GP, Ferrau F, Piazza E, Frontini L, Rosetti F, Carrozza F, Bearz A, Spatafora M, Adamo V, Isa L, Iaffaioli RV, Di Salvo E, Perrone F. (2004) “Prevalence and management of pain in Italian patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.” Br J Cancer. 90(12):2288-96.
  • Elderly Lung Cancer Vinorelbine Italian Study Group. Effects of vinorelbine on quality of life and survival of elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst 1999;91(1):66-72.
  • Gore JM, Brophy CJ, Greenstone MA. How well do we care for patients with end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A comparison of palliative care and quality of life in COPD and lung cancer. Thorax 2000;55:1000-1006.
  • Gridelli C, Gallo C, Shepherd FA, et al. Gemcitabine plus vinorelbine compared with cisplatin plus vinorelbine or cisplatin plus gemcitabine for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial of the Italian GEMVIN Investigators and the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(16):3025-34.
  • Gridelli C, Perrone F, Gallo C, et al. Chemotherapy for elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the Multicenter Italian Lung Cancer in the Elderly Study (MILES) phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(5):362-72.
  • Groen HJ, van der Leest AH, Fokkema E, Timmer PR, Nossent GD, Smit WJ, Nabers J, Hoekstra HJ, Hermans J, Otter R, van Putten JW, de Vries EG, Mulder NH. Continuously infused carboplatin used as radiosensitizer in locally unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: a multicenter phase III study. Ann Oncol. 2004; 15(3):427-32.
  • Hendriks J, Van Schi P et al. Short-term survival after major pulmonary resections for bronchogenic carcinoma. Acta Chir Belg 1996; 96: 273-79.
  • Herndon JE 2nd, Fleishman S, Kornblith AB, Kosty M, Green MR, Holland J. Is quality of life predictive of the survival of patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancinoma? Cancer 1999; 85:333-40.
  • Jassem J, Krzakowski M, Roszkowski K, et al. A phase II study of gemcitabine plus cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: clinical outcomes and quality of life. Lung Cancer. Jan 2002; 35(1):73-79.
  • Laack E, Dickgreber N, Muller T, Knuth A, Benk J, Lorenz C, Gieseler F, Durk H, Engel-Riedel W, Dalhoff K, Kortsik C, Graeven U, Burk M, Dierlamm T, Welte T, Burkholder I, Edler L, Hossfeld DK; German and Swiss Lung Cancer Study Group. Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine and vinorelbine versus gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: from the German and Swiss Lung Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22(12):2348-56.
  • Langendijk JA, Aaronson NK, de Jong JMA, ten Velde GPM, Muller MJ, Lamers RJ, Slotman BJ, Wouters EFM. Prospective study on quality of life before and after radical radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2123-2133.
  • Langendijk J, Aaronson N et al. Quality of life after curative radiotherapy in Stage I non small cell lung cancer Int J Radiat Oncol Phys 2002; 53: 847-853.
  • Langendijk JA, ten Velde GPM, Aaronson NK, de Jong JMA, Muller MJ, Wouters EFM. Quality of life after pallitative radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective study. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2000; 47(1):149-55.
  • Lheureux M, Raherison C, Vernejoux JM, Nguyen L, Nocent C, Tunon De Lara M, Taytard A. Quality of life in lung cancer: does disclosure of the diagnosis have an impact? Lung Cancer. 2004; 43(2):175-82.
  • Li W, Lee, T et al. Quality of life following lung cancer resection: video assisted thoracic surgery vs. thoracotomy. Chest. Aug 2002; 122:584-589.
  • Lubbe AS, Krischke NR, Dimeo F, Forkel S, Petermann F. Health-related quality of life and pulmonary function in lung cancer patients undergoing medical rehabilitation treatment. Wien Med Wschr. 2001;151:29-34.
  • Montazeri A, Hole DJ, Milroy R, McEwen J, Gillis CR. Does knowledge of cancer diagnosis affect quality of life? A methodological challenge. BMC Cancer. 2004; 4(1):21.
  • Montazeri A, Milroy R, Hole D, McEwen J, Gillis CR. How quality of life data contribute to our understanding of cancer patients' experiences? A study of patients with lung cancer. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(2):157-66.
  • Montazeri A, Milroy R, Hole D, McEwen J, Gillis CR. Quality of life in lung cancer patients as an important prognostic factor. Lung Cancer. 2001;31:233-240.
  • Mu XL, Li LY, Zhang XT, Wang SL, Wang MZ. Evaluation of safety and efficacy of gefitinib ('iressa', zd1839) as monotherapy in a series of Chinese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: experience from a compassionate-use programme. BMC Cancer. Aug 19 2004 ;4(1):51.
  • Naughton MJ, Herndon JE, Shumaker SA, et al. The health-related quality of life and survival of small-cell lung cancer patients: results of a companion study to CALGB 9033. Qual Life Res. May 2002;11(3):235-248.
  • Parsons JA, Johnston MR, Slutsky AS. Predicting length of stay out of hospital following lung resection using preoperative health status measures. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(6):645-54.
  • Pater JL, Zee B et al. Fatigue in patients with cancer: results with National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group studies employing the EORTC QLQ-C30. Support Care Cancer. 1997;5(5): 410-3.
  • Petrioli R, Pozzessere D, Messinese S, et al. Weekly low-dose docetaxel in advanced non-small cell lung cancer previously treated with two chemotherapy regimens. Lung Cancer. 2003;39(1):85-9.
  • Pujol JL, Daures JP, Riviere A, Quoix E, Westeel V, Quantin X, Breton JL, Lemarie E, Poudenx M, Milleron B, Moro D, Debieuvre D, le Chevalier T. Etoposide plus cisplatin with or without the combination of 4'-epidoxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in treatment of extensive small-cell lung cancer: a French Federation of Cancer Institutes multicenter phase III randomized study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:300-308.
  • Quantin X, Riviere A, Daures J, Oliver P, Comte-Bardonnet M, Khial F, Marcillac I, Pujol J. Phase I-II study of high dose epirubicin plus cisplatin in unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: searching for the maximal tolerated dose. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000;23(2):192-6.
  • Rudd RM, Gower NH , Spiro SG, et al. Gemcitabine plus carboplatin versus mitomycin, ifosfamide, and cisplatin in patients with stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III randomized study of the London Lung Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. Jan 1 2005 ;23(1):142-153.
  • Schumacher A, Riesenbeck D, Braunheim M, Wewers D, Heinecke A, Semik M, Hoffknecht P, Macha HN, Klinke F, Schmidt EW, Willich N, Berdel WE, Thomas M; German Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. Combined modality treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: preoperative chemoradiation does not result in a poorer quality of life. Lung Cancer. 2004; 44(1):89-97.
  • Scott HR, McMillan DC, Brown DJ, Forrest LM, McArdle CS, Milroy R. A prospective study of the impact of weight loss and the systemic inflammatory response on quality of life in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2003;40(3):295-9.
  • Shepherd F, Giaccone, A et al. Prospective, randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial of marimastat after response to first-line chemotherapy in patients with small call lung cancer a trial of the NCICCTG and the EORTC. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20:4434-4439.
  • Smit EF, van Meerbeeck JP, Lianes P, et al. Three-arm randomized study of two cisplatin-based regimens and paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Group--EORTC 08975. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(21):3909-17.
  • Smith IE, O'Brien MER, Talbot DC, Nicolson MC, Mansi JL, Hickish TF, Norton A, Ashley S. Duration of chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized trial of three versus six courses of mitomycin, vinblastine, and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1336-1343.
  • Spiro SG, Rudd RM, Souhami RL, et al. Chemotherapy versus supportive care in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: improved survival without detriment to quality of life. Thorax. Oct 2004;59(10):828-836.
  • Sundstrom S, Bremnes R, Aasebo U, Aamdal S, Hatlevoll R, Brunsvig P, Johannessen DC, Klepp O, Fayers PM, Kaasa S. Hypofractionated palliative radiotherapy (17 Gy per two fractions) in advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma is comparable to standard fractionation for symptom control and survival: a national phase III trial. 2004; J Clin Oncol. 22(5):801-10.
  • Wachters FM, Van Putten JW, Kramer H, et al. First-line gemcitabine with cisplatin or epirubicin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial. Br J Cancer. 2003;89(7):1192-9.
  • Zieren HU, Muller JM, et al. Quality of life after surgical therapy of bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1996;10(4):233-7.
  • Zhao H, Kanda K. Testing psychometric properties of the standard Chinese version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). J Epidemiol. Nov 2004;14(6):193-203.
  • Dharma-Wardene M, Au HJ, Hanson J, Dupere D, Hewitt J, Feeny D. Baseline FACT -G score is a predictor of survival for advanced lung cancer. Qual Life Res. Sep 2004;13(7):1209-1216.
  • Yoshimura A, Kobayashi K, Fumimoto H, Fujiki Y, Eremenco S, Kudoh S. Cross-cultural validation of the Japanese Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia ( FACT -An). J Nippon Med Sch. Oct 2004;71(5):314-322.

Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy: Fatigue (FACT-F)

  • Dharma-Wardene M, Au HJ, Hanson J, Dupere D, Hewitt J, Feeny D. Baseline FACT -G score is a predictor of survival for advanced lung cancer. Qual Life Res. Sep 2004;13(7):1209-1216.
  • Pirker R, Wiesenberger K, Pohl G, Minar W. Anemia in lung cancer: clinical impact and management. Clin Lung Cancer. 2003;5(2):90-7.

Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy: General (FACT-G)

  • Cella D, Peterman A, Hudgens S, Webster K, Socinski MA. Measuring the side effects of taxane therapy in oncology: the functional assesment of cancer therapy-taxane (FACT-taxane). Cancer. 2003;98(4):822-31.
  • Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G, et al. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale: development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol. 1993; 11:570-79.
  • Socinski MA, Steagall A, Gillenwater H. Second-line chemotherapy with 96-hour infusional paclitaxel in refractory non-small cell lung cancer: report of a phase II trial. Cancer Investigation. 1999;17(3):181-8.

Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Lung (FACT-L)

  • Cella D. Quality of life considerations in patients with advanced lung cancer. Semin Oncol. 2004;31(6 Suppl 11):16-20.
  • Marsland TA, Garfield DH, Khan MM, Look RM, Boehm KA, Asmar L. Sequential versus concurrent paclitaxel and carboplatin for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in elderly patients and patients with poor performance status: results of two Phase II, multicenter trials. Lung Cancer. Jan 2005;47(1):111-120.
  • Neubauer MA, Garfield DH, Kuerfler PR, et al. Results of a phase II multicenter trial of weekly docetaxel and gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. Jan 2005;47(1):121-127.

Functional Living Index - Cancer

  • Loprinziu CL, Goldberg RM, Su JQ, Mailliard JA, Kuross SA, Maksymiuk AW, Kugler JW, Jett JR, Ghosh C, Pfeifle DM, Wender DB, Burch PA. Placebo-controlled trial of hydrazine sulfate in patients with newly diagnosed non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(6): 1126-9.
  • Pujol JL, Monnier A, Berille J, Cerrina M-L, Douillard J-Y, Riviere A, Grandgirard A, Gouva S, Bizzari J-P, le Chevalier T. Phase II study of nitrosourea fotemustine as single-drug chemotherapy in poor-prognosis non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 1994;69(6): 1136-40.
  • Ruckdeschel JC, Piantadosi S. Quality of life in lung cancer surgical adjuvant trials. Chest 1994;106(6): 324S-328S.
  • Thongprasert S. Lung cancer and quality of life. Aust N Z J Med. 1998;28(3): 397-9.

Holmes' QOL Checklist

  • Nakada S, Nagao K, Takiguchi Y, Tatsumi K, Kuriyama T. Quality of life and anxiety before and after lung cancer chemotherapy: relationship to patient's personality. Intern Med. 1996;35(8): 611-6.

Rotterdam Symptom Checklist

  • Bailey AJ, Parmar MK et al. Patient-reported short-term and long-term physical and psychologic symptoms: results of the continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) randomized trial in non-small-cell lung cancer. CHART Steering Committee. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(9):3082-93.
  • Bleehen NM, Girling DJ, Hopwood P, Lallemand G, Machin D, Stephens RJ, Bailey AJ. Randomized trial of four-drug vs less intensive two-drug chemotherapy in the palliative treatment of patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and poor prognosis. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Br J Cancer. 1996;73(3):406-13.
  • Gregor A, Cull A, Stephens RJ et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation is indicated following complete response to induction therapy in small cell lung cancer: results of a multicentre randomised trial. United Kingdom Coordinating Committee for CAncer Research (UKCCCR) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Eur J Cancer. 1997;33(11):1752-8.
  • Hopwood P, Stephens RJ. Symptoms at presentation for treatment in patients with lung cancer: implications for the evaluation of palliative treatment. The Medical Research Council (MRC) Lung Cancer Working Party. Br J Cancer. 1995;71(3):633-6.
  • Macbeth FR, Bolger JJ, Hopwood P, Bleehen NM, Cartmell J, Girling DH, Machin D, Stephens RJ, Bailey AJ. Randomized tiral of palliative two-fraction versus more intensive 13-fraction radiotherapy for patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer and good performance status. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1996;8(3):167-75.
  • Souhami Rl, Spiro SG, Rudd RM, Ruiz de Elvira M, James LE, Gower NH, Lamont A, Harper PG. Five-day oral etoposide treatment for advanced small-cell lung cancer: randomized comparison with intravenous chemotherapy. J Natl CancereInst 1997;89(8):577-80.
  • Stephens RJ, Hopwood P, Girling DJ, Machin D. Randomized trials with quality of life endpoints: are doctors' ratings of patients' physical symptoms interchangeable with patients' self-ratings? Qual Life Res. 1997;6:225-36.
  • Woll PJ, Thatcher N, Lomax L, Hodgetts J, Lee SM, Burt PA, Stout R, Simms T, Davies R, Pettengell R. Use of hematopoietic progenitors in whole blood to support dose-dense chemotherapy: a randomized phase II trial in small-cell lung cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:712-719.

Symptom Distress Scale

  • Degner LF, Sloan JA. Symptom distress in newly diagnosed ambulatory cancer patients and as a predictor of survival in lung cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995;10(6):423-31.
  • Sarna L, Brecht M-L. Dimensions of symptom distress in women with advanced lung cancer: a factor analysis. Heart Lung .1997 (Jan-Feb);26(1):23-30.

Therapy Impact Questionnaire

  • Buccheri GR, Ferrigno D, et al. The patient's perception of his own quality of life might have an adjunctive prognostic significance in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 1995;12(1-2);45-58.

Lung Cancer-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life Instruments

Daily Diary Card (Geddes)

  • Earl HM, Rudd RM, Spiro SG, Ash CM, James LE, Law CS, Tobias JS, Harper PG, Geddes DM, Eraut D, Partridge MR, Souhami RL. A randomised trial of planned versus as required chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer: a Cancer Research Campaign trial. Br J Cancer. 1991;64(3):566-72.
  • Gower NH, Rudd RM, Ruiz de Elvira M-C, Spiro SG, James LE, Harper PG, Souhami RL. Assessment of 'quality of life' using a daily diary card in a randomised trial of chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol. 1995;6(6): 575-80.
  • James LE, Gower NH, Rudd RM, Spiro SG, Harper PG, Trask CW, Partridge M, Ruiz del Elvira M-C, Souhami RL. A randomised trial of low-dose/ high-frequency chemotherapy as palliative treatment of poor-prognosis small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer Research Campaign trial. Br J Cancer. 1996;73(12): 1563-8.
  • Souhami RL, Spiro SG, Rudd RM, Ruiz de Elvira M-C, James LE, Gower NH, Lamont A, Harper PG. Five-day oral etoposide treatment for advanced small-cell lung cancer: randomized comparison with intravenous chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89(8): 577-80.

European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire and Lung Cancer Module (QLQ-LC13)

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  • Bernhard J, Hurny C et al. Initial prognostic factors in small-cell lung cancer patients predicting quality of life during chemotherapy. Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). Br J Cancer 1996;74(10): 1660-7.
  • Booth S, Adams L. The shuttle walking test: a reproducible method for evaluating the impact of shortness of breath on functional capacity in patients with advanced cancer. Thorax. Feb 2001;56(2):146-150.
  • Cardenal F, Lopez-Cabrerizo MP, Anton A, Alberola V, Massuti B, Carrato A, Barneto I, Lomas M, Garcia M, Lianes P, Montalar J, Vadell C, Gonzalez-Larriba JL, Nguyen B, Artal A, Rosell R. Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine-cisplatin versus etoposide-cisplatin in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:12-8.
  • Chie WC, Yang CH, Hsu C, Yang PC. Quality of life of lung cancer patients: validation of the Taiwan Chinese version of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-LC13. Qual Life Res. 2004; 13(1):257-62.
  • Dancey J, Shepherd FA, Gralla RJ, Kim YS. (2004) “Quality of life assessment of second-line docetaxel versus best supportive care in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: results of a prospective, randomized phase III trial.” Lung Cancer. 43(2):183-94.
  • Di Maio M, Gridelli C, Gallo C, Manzione L, Brancaccio L, Barbera S, Robbiati SF, Ianniello GP, Ferrau F, Piazza E, Frontini L, Rosetti F, Carrozza F, Bearz A, Spatafora M, Adamo V, Isa L, Laffaioli RV, Di Salvo E, Perrone F. (2004) Prevalence and management of pain in Italian patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.” Br J Cancer. 90(12):2288-96.
  • Elderly Lung Cancer Vinorelbine Italian Study Group. Effects of vinorelbine on quality of life and survival of elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst 1999;91(1):66-72.
  • Giaccone G, Splinter TA et al. Randomized study of paclitaxel-cisplatin versus cisplatin-teniposide in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(6): 2133-41.
  • Gore JM, Brophy CJ, Greenstone MA. How well do we care for patients with end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A comparison of palliative care and quality of life in COPD and lung cancer. Thorax 2000;55:1000-1006.
  • Gridelli C, Perrone F, Gallo C, et al. Chemotherapy for elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the Multicenter Italian Lung Cancer in the Elderly Study (MILES) phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(5):362-72.
  • Groen HJ, van der Leest AH, Fokkema E, Timmer PR, Nossent GD, Smit WJ, Nabers J, Hoekstra HJ, Hermans J, Otter R, van Putten JW, de Vries EG, Mulder NH. Continuously infused carboplatin used as radiosensitizer in locally unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: a multicenter phase III study. Ann Oncol. 2004; 15(3):427-32.
  • Helsing M, Bergman B et al. Quality of life and survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving supportive care plus chemotherapy with carboplatin and etoposide or supportive care only. A multicentre randomised phase III trial. Eur J Cancer 1998;34: 1036-44.
  • Herndon JE 2nd, Fleishman S et al. A longitudinal study of quality of life in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 8931. Control Clin Trials 1997;18(4): 286-300.
  • Herndon JE 2nd, Fleishman S, Kornblith AB, Kosty M, Green MR, Holland J. Is quality of life predictive of the survival of patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancinoma? Cancer 1999:85:333-40.
  • Hickish TF, Smith IE et al. A pilot study of MVP (mitomycin-C, vinblastine and cisplatin) chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1998;77(11): 1966-70.
  • Jassem J, Krzakowski M, Roszkowski K, et al. A phase II study of gemcitabine plus cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: clinical outcomes and quality of life. Lung Cancer. Jan 2002;35(1):73-79.
  • Joss RA, Alberto P et al. Quality versus quantity of life in the treatment of patients with advanced small-cell lung cancer? A randomized phase III comparison of weekly carboplatin and teniposide versus cisplatin, adriamycin, etoposide alternating with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine and lomustine. Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). Ann Oncol 1995;6(1): 41-8.
  • Joss RA, Bacchi M et al. Early versus late alternating chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer. Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). Ann Oncol 1995;6(2): 157-66.
  • Kosmidis P, Mylonakis N et al. Paclitaxel (175mg/m2) plus carboplatin versus paclitaxel (225 mg/m2) plus carboplatin in non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized study. Semin Oncol 1997;24(4 Suppl 12): S12-30-S12-33.
  • Kosty MP, Fleishman SB et al. Cisplatin, vinblastine, and hydrazine sulfate in advanced, non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind phase III study of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. J Clin Oncol 1994;12(6): 1113-20.
  • Laack E, Dickgreber N, Muller T, Knuth A, Benk J, Lorenz C, Gieseler F, Durk H, Engel-Riedel W, Dalhoff K, Kortsik C, Graeven U, Burk M, Dierlamm T, Welte T, Burkholder I, Edler L, Hossfeld DK. German and Swiss Lung Cancer Study Group. Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine and vinorelbine versus gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: from the German and Swiss Lung Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22(12):2348-56.
  • Langendijk J, Aaronson N et al. Quality of life after curative radiotherapy in Stage I non small cell lung cancer Int J Radiat Oncol Phys 2002; 53: 847-853.
  • Langendijk JA, Aaronson NK, de Jong JMA, ten Velde GPM, Muller MJ, Lamers RJ, Slotman BJ, Wouters EFM. Prospective study on quality of life before and after radical radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2123-2133.
  • Langendijk JA, ten Velde GPM, Aaronson NK, de Jong JMA, Muller MJ, Wouters EFM. Quality of life after pallitative radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective study. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2000;47(1):149-55.
  • Lheureux M, Raherison C, Vernejoux JM, Nguyen L, Nocent C, Tunon De Lara M, Taytard A. Quality of life in lung cancer: does disclosure of the diagnosis have an impact? Lung Cancer. 2004; 43(2):175-82.
  • Li W, Lee, T et al. Quality of life following lung cancer resection: video assisted thoracic surgery vs. thoracotomy. Chest. Aug 2002; 122:584-589.
  • Montazeri A, Hole DJ, Milroy R, McEwen J, Gillis CR. Does knowledge of cancer diagnosis affect quality of life? A methodological challenge. BMC Cancer. 2004; 4(1):21.
  • Montazeri A, Milroy R, Hole D, McEwen J, Gillis CR. How quality of life data contribute to our understanding of cancer patients' experiences? A study of patients with lung cancer. Qual Life Res. 2003;12(2):157-66.
  • Montazeri A, Milroy R, Hole D, McEwen J, Gillis CR. Quality of life in lung cancer patients as an important prognostic factor. Lung Cancer 2001;31:233-240.
  • Pujol JL, Daures JP, Riviere A, Quoix E, Westeel V, Quantin X, Breton JL, Lemarie E, Poudenx M, Milleron B, Moro D, Debieuvre D, le Chevalier T. Etoposide plus cisplatin with or without the combination of 4'-epidoxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in treatment of extensive small-cell lung cancer: a French Federation of Cancer Institutes multicenter phase III randomized study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:300-308.
  • Quantin X, Riviere A, Daures J, Oliver P, Comte-Bardonnet M, Khial F, Marcillac I, Pujol J. Phase I-II study of high dose epirubicin plus cisplatin in unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: searching for the maximal tolerated dose. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000;23(2):192-6.
  • Schumacher A, Riesenbeck D, Braunheim M, Wewers D, Heinecke A, Semik M, Hoffknecht P, Macha HN, Klinke F, Schmidt EW, Willich N, Berdel WE, Thomas M. German Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. Combined modality treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: preoperative chemoradiation does not result in a poorer quality of life. Lung Cancer. 2004; 44(1):89-97.
  • Shepherd F, Giaccone, A et al. Prospective, randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial of marimastat after response to first-line chemotherapy in patients with small call lung cancer a trial of the NCICCTG and the EORTC. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20:4434-4439.
  • Smit EF, van Meerbeeck JP, Lianes P, et al. Three-arm randomized study of two cisplatin-based regimens and paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Group--EORTC 08975. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(21):3909-17.
  • Smith IE, O'Brien MER, Talbot DC, Nicolson MC, Mansi JL, Hickish TF, Norton A, Ashley S. Duration of chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized trial of three versus six courses of mitomycin, vinblastine, and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1336-1343.
  • Sundstrom S, Bremnes R, Aasebo U, Aamdal S, Hatlevoll R, Brunsvig P, Johannessen DC, Klepp O, Fayers PM, Kaasa S. Hypofractionated palliative radiotherapy (17 Gy per two fractions) in advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma is comparable to standard fractionation for symptom control and survival: a national phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22(5):801-10.
  • Wachters FM, Van Putten JW, Kramer H, et al. First-line gemcitabine with cisplatin or epirubicin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial. Br J Cancer. 2003;89(7):1192-9.

Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Lung (FACT-L)

  • Bonomi P, Kim K, Fairclough D, Cella D, Kugler J, Rowinsky E, Jiroutek M, Johnson D. Comparison of survival and quality of life in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with two dose levels of paclitaxel combined with cisplatin versus epitoside with cisplatin: results of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:623-31.
  • Cella D. Impact of ZD1839 on non-small cell lung cancer-related symptoms as measured by the functional assessment of cancer therapy-lung scale. Semin Oncol. 2003;30(1 Suppl 1):39-48.
  • Cella D, Eton DT, Fairclough DL, et al. What is a clinically meaningful change on the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung (FACT-L) Questionnaire? Results from Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Study 5592. J Clin Epidemiol. Mar 2002;55(3):285-295.
  • Hensing TA, Peterman AH, Schell MJ, Lee JH, Socinski MA. The impact of age on toxicity, response rate, quality of life, and survival in patients with advanced, Stage IIIB or IV nonsmall cell lung carcinoma treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Cancer. 2003;98(4):779-88.
  • John LD. Quality of life in patients receiving radiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2001;28(5): 807-13.
  • Langer CJ, Manola J, Bernardo P, et al. Cisplatin-based therapy for elderly patients with advanced non-small- cell lung cancer: implications of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 5592, a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. Feb 6 2002;94(3):173-181.
  • McQuellon RP, Moose DB, Russell GB, et al. Supportive use of megestrol acetate (Megace) with head/neck and lung cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. Apr 1 2002;52(5):1180-1185.
  • Moinpour CM, Lyons B, Grevstad PK, et al. Quality of life in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a Southwest Oncology Group randomized trial. Qual Life Res. Mar 2002;11(2):115-126.
  • Ramsey SD, Moinpour CM, Lovato LC, et al. Economic analysis of vinorelbine plus cisplatin versus paclitaxel plus carboplatin for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. Feb 20 2002;94(4):291-297.
  • Roychowdhury DF, Desai P, Zhu Y-W. Paclitaxel (3-hour infusion) followed by carboplatin (24 hours after paclitaxel): a phase II study in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1997;24(4 Suppl 12): S12-37-S12-40.
  • Schiller JH, Adak S, Cella D, DeVore III RF, Johnson DH. Topotecan versus observation after cisplatin plus etoposide in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: E7593 - A phase III trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:2114-2122.
  • Socinski MA, Neubauer MA, Olivares J, et al. Phase II trial of paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and carboplatin in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2003;40(1):91-7.
  • Socinski MA, Schell MJ, Peterman A, et al. Phase III trial comparing a defined duration of therapy versus continuous therapy followed by second-line therapy in advanced-stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. Mar 1 2002;20(5):1335-1343.
  • Socinski MA, Steagall A, Gillenwater H. Second-line chemotherapy with 96-hour infusional paclitaxel in refractory non-small cell lung cancer: report of a phase II trial. Cancer Investigation. 1999;17(3):181-8.
  • Tester WJ, Jin PY, Reardon DH, Cohn JB, Cohen MH. Phase II study of patients with metastatic nonsmall cell carcinoma of the lung treated with paclitaxel by 3-hour infusion. Cancer. 1997;79(4): 724-9.

Lung Cancer Symptom Scale

  • Bezjak, A, Dixon P et a. 2002 Randomized phase III trial of single versus fractionated thoracic radiation in the palliation of patients with lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 54:719-728.
  • Garces YI, Yang P, Parkinson J, et al. The relationship between cigarette smoking and quality of life after lung cancer diagnosis. Chest. Dec 2004;126(6):1733-1741.
  • Fossella F, Pereira JR, von Pawel J, et al. Randomized, multinational, phase III study of docetaxel plus platinum combinations versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the TAX 326 study group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(16):3016-24.
  • Hollen PJ, Gralla RJ et al. Normative data and trends in quality of life from the Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS); Support Care Cancer. 1999;7;140-8.
  • Lilenbaum RC, Chen CS, Chidiac T, et al. Phase II randomized trial of vinorelbine and gemcitabine versus carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol. Jan 2005;16(1):97-101.
  • Lutz ST, Huant DT et al. A retrospective quality of life analysis using the Lung Cancer Symptom Scale in patients tgreated with palliative radiotherapy for advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;37(1):117-22.
  • Marks RS, Graham DL, Sloan JA, et al. A phase II study of the dolastatin 15 analogue LU 103793 in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2003;26(4):336-7.
  • Miller VA, Rigas JR et al. Phase II trial of a 75-mg/m2 dose of docetaxel with prednisone premedication for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer. 1995;75(4):968-72.
  • Monnerat C, Le Chevalier T, Kelly K, et al. Phase II study of pemetrexed-gemcitabine combination in patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. Aug 15 2004 ;10(16):5439-5446.
  • Socinski MA, Neubauer MA, Olivares J, et al. Phase II trial of paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and carboplatin in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2003;40(1):91-7.
  • Svobodnik A, Yang P, Novotny PJ, et al. Quality of life in 650 lung cancer survivors 6 months to 4 years after diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc. Aug 2004;79(8):1024-1030.

Quality of Life Questionnaire for Cancer Patients Treated with Anti-Cancer Drugs (QOL-ACD)

  • Morita S, Kobayashi K, Eguchi K, et al. Influence of clinical parameters on quality of life during chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: application of a general linear model. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2003;33(9):470-6.
  • Morita S, Ohashi Y, Kobayashi K, et al. Individually different "weights" of quality of life assessment in patients with advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56(8):744-51.
  • Matsumoto T, Ohashi Y, Morita S, et al. The quality of life questionnaire for cancer patients treated with anticancer drugs (QOL-ACD): validity and reliability in japanese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Qual Life Res. Aug 2002;11(5):483-493.

QOL-Survivors

  • Sarna L, Padilla G, Holmes C, Tashkin D, Brecht ML, Evangelista L. Quality of life of long-term survivors of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. Jul 1 2002;20(13):2920-2929.

UNISCALE

  • Marks RS, Graham DL, Sloan JA, et al. A phase II study of the dolastatin 15 analogue LU 103793 in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2003;26(4):336-7.

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